Supporting materials
World Intellectual Property Office, World Intellectual Property Indicator Report, 2025 (pdf)
Domestic net sales to R&D expenditures (link)
Tracking business R&D in real time: the largest investors raised R&D spending by 6% in 2025 (link)
1.Universities Report 8.1% Growth in R&D Expenditures in FY 2024, Reaching Over $117 Billion (link).
